Exclusive breastfeeding delays ovulation and increases the interval between offspring 29. If a child survives the first month of life exclusive breastfeeding goes a long way towards cancelling out the health difference between being born into poverty or being born into. Delaying a healthy newborns initial bath for 12 or more hours increased the odds of exclusive breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors associated with ebf in nigeria. In the process of standardizing breastfeeding definitions, only the actual dose the infant was receiving.
Breastfeeding protects your baby from the risks of an unclean water. Association between breastfeeding and intelligence, educational attainment, and income at 30 years of age. Supporting breastfeeding during the hospital stay is ideal for a number of reasons. The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the united states. Breastfeeding is the feeding of infants and young children with human breast milk. Breastfeeding benefits of breastfeeding medlineplus. National center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion, division of nutrition and physical activity. Exclusive breastfeeding ebf for the first 6 months of life improves the growth, health and survival status of newborns and is one of the most natural and best forms of preventive medicine 2, 3. Exclusive breastfeeding, followed by early cessation as soon as acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe taking into account local. The surgeon generals call to action to support breastfeeding.
The efforts of jane heinig, phd, ibclc, rlc, deborah galuska, phd, diana toomer, barbara latham, rd, ld, carol macgowan, mph, rd, ld, robin hamre, mph, rd, and members of the cdc obesity team helped make this document possible. Data on 658 children less than 6 months of age were obtained from the nigeria demographic and health survey ndhs 2003. A study of prevalence and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding from birth, in rakai, uganda. Does breastfeeding reduce the risk of pediatric overweight. Followup of these subjects in adolescence has provided experimental evidence on the longterm effects of breastfeeding 35. Thus, the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and lower risk of childhood obesity has elicited much. In a descriptive crosssectional study, 393 motherinfant pairs attending child. Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding among women in muheza district tanga northeastern tanzania. Exclusive breastfeeding is important for child health and growth, but its practice is low in many developing countries. Early cessation of breastfeeding in the context of hivaids. Accurate measurement of the duration of exclusive breastfeeding is complicated by factors related to definitions, timing, duration of recall, methods of analysis, and sample biases. Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding among women in. Successful breast feeding depend not only on a willing mother, a healthy infant, or encouragement by medical personnel, but also on attitude and beliefs about breast feeding developed by mothers.
This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in the tamale metropolis of ghana. Breastfeeding trends and updated national health objectives for exclusive breastfeedingunited states birth years 20002004. Exclusive breastfeeding is the consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type water, juice, nonhuman milk, artificial milk formula, and foods except for vitamins, minerals, and medications, and is recommended for the first 6 months of life by numerous heath organizations. Jul 22, 2019 exclusive breastfeeding ebfgiving infants only breastmilk and medications, oral rehydration salts and vitamins as needed with no additional food or drink for their first six months of life. Initiation of breastfeeding in general, it is known that bf is to be initiated right after delivery. National breastfeeding policy and action plan 20152020. Improving exclusive breastfeeding practices by using communication for development breastfeeding is a natural safety net against the worst effects of poverty. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding ebf for the first six months of life has remained low worldwide and in ghana, despite strong evidence in support of its practice. Addressing barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in haiti. Exploring the impact of the babyfriendly hospital initiative on trends in exclusive. Relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and lower. We sought to improve ebf rates through a learning collaborative model by.
The relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and lower risk of childhood obesity has elicited much scientific interest, given the fact that this form of malnutrition is becoming a global epidemic. Consequently, the who and unicef have recommended exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months after delivery, followed by. Breastfeeding practices and determinants of exclusive. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding has also been. December 31, 2012 page 1 breastfeeding definitions and data collection periods introduction. Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in nigeria bmc. Implementing the motherbaby model of nursing care using. Any food except mothers milk provided to a new born before. We applied the who criteria for exclusive breastfeeding no other liquids or foods given, with two specified time orientations.
Ebf plays a pivotal role in determining the optimal health and development of infants, and is associated with a decreased risk for many earlylife diseases and conditions, including otitis media. In communities not reached by bf promotion interventions, women do not have the information on optimal timing for. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. However, this is usually not done early enough due to various factors. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life is the optimal way to feed infants. Wiklund i, norman m, uvnasmoberg k, ip s, chung m, raman g, et al. Yet, much remains to be done to make exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life the norm for infant feeding see box 1. The best physiological window of opportunity to stimulate lactation begins immediately after delivery, in the inpatient setting. Introduction breastfeeding is the unequalled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants, and has a unique biological and emotional influence on the health of both mother and child.
Mode of breastfeeding where by the infant only receives. Exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life stimulates babies immune systems and protects them from diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections two of the major causes of infant mortality in the developing world and improves their responses. Supporting both breastfeeding and birth control use there are many safe birth control methods to use while breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding may reduce the risk of anemia by delaying the return of the menstrual cycle for 20 to 30 weeks. In prehistoric times, breastfeeding was the first priority of mothers until later in. Research have shown that mothers with poor knowledge of ebf exhibit. Early initiation of breastfeeding current practices. Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding practice in rural. Jan 11, 2011 exclusive breast feeding ebf has important protective effects on the survival of infants and decreases risk for many earlylife diseases.
As we noted in our report, exclusive breastfeeding for up to 3 months postpartum was maintained by 50% of motherinfant pairs in the group visited on six occasions, by 38% in those visited on three occasions, and 12% in the control group. Unicef progress for children exclusive breastfeeding. Pdf factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding. Clearly prospective methods are likely to be more accurate but are too expensive to use in most largescale surveys. Questioning current definitions for breastfeeding research. This reference book, organized in easyreference format for those who are supporting the breastfeeding mother, includes nine pages on breastfeeding during pregnancy and tandem nursing. This study aimed at determining the breastfeeding practices and examining the sociodemographic characteristics that influence exclusive breastfeeding among mothers attending child welfare clinic at manhean, in the tema east submeteropolitan area of greater accra region of. There was a universal awareness 100% of exclusive breastfeeding ebf, and about 93% correctly indicated that ebf entails feeding an infant with only breast milk. References 1 effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries. Opinions and practices of clinicians associated with continuation of exclusive breastfeeding. Program lmplementation guide 7 breastfeeding rates at six and 12 months anstey et al. Exclusive breastfeeding ebfgiving infants only breastmilk and medications, oral rehydration salts and vitamins as needed with no additional food or drink for their first six months of life. Mothers who smoke have significantly decreased milk production compared with nonsmokers. Breastfeeding definitions and data collection periods.
Breastfeeding and health outcomes for the motherinfant dyad. She cannot make this choice if she has not been well informed, nor offered the opportunity of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding has many wellestablished health benefits for infants and mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding also has a protective effect against obesity and certain noncommunicable diseases later in life. Table 2 provides information on maternal knowledge on breastfeeding practices. Having realtime access to clinical staff in the hospital is an.
Human milk is the ideal nourishment for infants survival, growth and development. Furthermore, it is recommended that breastfeeding continue for at least 12 months, and thereafter for as long as mutually desired. National breastfeeding policy and action plan 20152020 5 the 20152020 national breastfeeding policy and action plan updates the previous policy in line with current scientific evidence on the short and long term benefits of breast feeding to the mother and child, to achieve higher exclusive breastfeeding rates for the. Improving exclusive breastfeeding in an urban academic. Differential response to an exclusive breastfeeding peer counseling intervention. It appears the benefits of breastfeeding are dose related and both exclusive and extended breastfeeding are optimal 1619. Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding practice in. Exclusive breastfeeding has been recognised as an important public health tool for the primary prevention of child morbidity and mortality. Increasing initiation and continuation of breastfeeding. These data show the current state of breastfeeding in michigan, and will serve as ongoing sources of data to tr ack michigan s progress and the success of. Breast milk contains the right balance of nutrients to help your infant grow into a strong and healthy toddler. Given how the family participate and influence infant. Abm affirms breastfeeding beyond infancy as the biological norm. Dec 21, 2018 exclusive breastfeeding is ideal nutrition and it is sufficient to support optimal growth and development for the first 6 months after birth, according to the american academy of pediatrics.
Better understanding of exclusive breastfeeding in the era of hivaids. Because of the demonstrated benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, in 2001 the who recommended that infants should. Some of the nutrients in breast milk also help protect your infant against some common childhood illnesses and. Aug 22, 2018 the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding ebf for the first six months of life has remained low worldwide and in ghana, despite strong evidence in support of its practice. Knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among. The percentage difference in rates for exclusive breastfeeding through six months between black and white infants increased from 7.
Whether the mother breastfeeds or feeds her baby a substitute for human milk is her decision. Breastfeeding can take many forms and patterns, and it may include supplements of infant formula or solid food. The exclusive breastfeeding rate and early initiation to breastfeeding are still very low, because there are many factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding such as, lack of knowledge, lactation problems, poor family and social support, social norms, embarrassment, employment and child care, and health services. After implementing the motherbaby model, we experienced an increase in exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge, increased patient satisfaction, improved staff productivity and decreased salary costs, all while the number of births increased.
In canada, for example, community health survey data for 20092010 found a breastfeeding initiation rate of87. Stopping breastfeeding sooner than is usually recommended in order to reduce the risk of transmitting hiv via breastfeeding. At that time, preterm infants admitted to neonatal units could be ethically allocated at random to receive banked breastmilk or formula. Initiative to improve exclusive breastfeeding by delaying the. Psychosocial factors underlying the mothers decision to continue exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months.
There is greater risk reduction in health outcomes with exclusive breastfeeding ebf. Breastfeeding trends and updated national health objectives for exclusive breastfeeding united states birth years 20002004. Pdf importance of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary. There are several sources of data on breastfeeding in michigan that provide valuable information about initiation and duration, barriers to breastfeeding, and maternity care practices.
Globally, only 38% of infants aged 0 to 6 months are exclusively breastfed. A breastfeeding algorithm to guide bedside health care. A doseresponse effect has been shown with the heaviest smokers having the least likelihood of establishing exclusive breastfeeding. American academy of pediatrics section on breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding, though likely practiced widely in the distant past, was no longer traditional by the time the feasibility of giving it a blanket recommendation was discovered and reported on until that time, it was widely assumed that, at least in hot climates, breastfed babies needed additional water, so it was not possible to give a blanket recommendation to. Mothers often get a lot of misinformation from various sources. Some of the nutrients in breast milk also help protect your infant against some common childhood illnesses and infections. The exclusive breastfeeding rate and early initiation to breastfeeding are still very low, because there are many factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding such as, lack of knowledge, lactation problems, poor family and. Internationally, most surveys use a pointintime or current status measurement usually 24hour.
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